E-GOV SERVICES

 

Chapter One: Research Methodology & Background

1.1 Overview:

The chapter briefly discusses an overview of the research, which includes “an introduction, followed by problem statements, the importance of the research, the objectives of the system, research questions, the scope of the system, and the organization of the thesis.

1.2 Introduction:

Since the early nineties, the world has witnessed a rapid and tremendous development in information and communication technology (ICTs) that swept all private and public sectors.

One of the most prominent features of this era was what is known as the “walk towards digital” movement and its emergence with the spread of the Internet, so electronic commerce emerged and flourished, and the various commercial transactions of buying and selling became done digitally, which contributed to economic development significantly and helped to get rid of the obstacles faced by traditional trade routes.

And government sectors, like other sectors, faced many difficulties in providing their classic “traditional” services and working with the required efficiency due to the continuous growth in the population and inflation in government departments. These and other reasons opened the way for what is now known as the digital government system or e-government, where governments began providing its services over the Internet.

Old System

Traditional government procedures depend on going to service centers and direct interview, and taking a set of papers and documents to complete the procedures, which makes many individuals face difficulties in going to government centers due to physical effort, money depletion, and lack of commitment by government employees when performing their work. For example, in May 2009, the Sudanese government issued a new electronic copy of the passport in order to comply with the new global standards and requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization. The new passports provide better security and great effectiveness in combating forgery, and they work alike with traditional passports, but they did not significantly overcome the problem of congestion and the lack of service completely, although it simplified the procedures.

1.3 Research problem

The rapid inflation of the population, the expansion of government interests, and the complexity and exacerbation of routine procedures have led to the emergence of many problems, including:

• Government services are not accessible to the public
• Citizen fatigue when meeting some of his needs that require resorting to government departments, and it is often difficult to obtain these services
• The high cost of traditional services
• It is difficult for the government to provide its traditional manual and paper services.
• Increased traffic jams, and air pollution
• Difficulty dealing with epidemics such as “Covid 19”
• Overcrowding of service centers, suspension and delay of services
• The spread of administrative corruption, and the laziness of employees
• budget deficit

1.4 The importance of e-government

  The world today, with its tremendous development, requires society to be advanced and characterized by the presence of three basic conditions, which are “accountability, flexibility, and good governance”, which represent the pillars of e-government, and the latter came after the emergence of forms of administrative and financial corruption in societies and their institutions. Ways to address the e-government was one of the preventive treatments against the spread of corruption on the one hand and work to prevent it on the other hand, and the requirements of administrative reform oblige government institutions to adopt a flexible and clear approach to their work.

1.5 Objectives:

1.5.1 General Objectives

• The main purpose is to transform the traditional government services into electronic services and provide them and spread the e-government awareness among the individuals in order to provide the citizen’s comfort and well-being
• Facilitating access to government services and information and reducing their costs

1.5.2 Special Objectives

• Reducing the financial burdens in public administrations for conducting services while maintaining high levels of service quality.
• Supporting the classic “traditional” governmental processes in terms of providing services automatically to the beneficiaries’ audience and their participation in the decision-making process in order to achieve more transparency in the governance process.
• Contribute to limiting the spread of diseases and epidemics such as “Covid 19”: Electronic services contribute a lot to distance and reduce epidemic infections by providing their services remotely.
• Reduce reliance on paper
• Forming a rational government that is more efficient and accountable.
• Contribute to reducing traffic congestion :The e-government contributes to reducing traffic congestion through its use of the World Wide Web (www) by linking its government institutions and various institutions that provide services to the citizen, where it can save time and effort for the citizen, and control his private transactions of various types and forms remotely using the Internet, which leads to Reducing the pressure resulting from the masses flock to government institutions, and the possibility of getting their needs out of the house.

1.6 Characteristics of E-Government

1. Gathering and integrating services and information into one service and linking government departments with each other
2. Achieving speed and efficiency in performance
3. Permanent access to citizens (24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year).
4. Reduce reliance on paper
5. Breaking geographical barriers and distances to government centers

1.7 Beneficiaries of the system

Since the e-government will target different groups of beneficiaries, it would have been possible to present the e-government goals according to the following areas, “Our study focuses on e-government at the level of individuals”:

First: the governmental sphere at the level of individuals (government transactions with citizens)

It means the government’s relationship with its citizens, in which most of the goals of e-government will be in the category of citizen’s welfare and participation in decision-making and governance, for example: “participation in elections electronically, collecting statistics and reports…. etc.”

In the first goal, the government can deliver the service to the citizen instead of him reaching it, using Internet and communication technology, while electronic government systems in the field of electronic voting and electronic elections help to expand the circle of popular participation in the democratic process.

Second: The government domain at the level of institutions (government transactions with institutions)

The e-government aims in this field to strengthen its economy by facilitating the transactions of commercial institutions, whether they are local, regional or global institutions.

Third: The governmental sphere at the governmental level (governmental transactions)

– At the heart of the goals of the e-government will be the goal that aims to bridge the graphic and procedural gap between the various ministries and public administrations, in addition to raising the levels of efficiency, effectiveness and speed of performance in internal government procedures and systems by automating and integrating all public administrations.

Fourth: The external governmental sphere

One of the most important goals of e-government in this field is the process of integrating the government in a streamlined and economically feasible manner with its external environment

Among its detailed objectives are:

Encouraging tourism by providing tourism services and information about the country to foreign tourism institutions or to foreign citizens.

Also, encouraging foreign investment is one of the detailed objectives in this field

Among the government’s economic endeavors:

It seeks, through its new model, to contribute to raising the national economy and improving the image of the country in general, in addition to serving the most important element in society, which is the human element.

1.8 Research Questions:

Based on the foregoing, the problematic features of this study are determined as follows:

  What is e-governments, what are their advantages, and how do they help solve the problems of the current system? The following questions are included in this question:

1. How can converting government services to electronic contribute to reducing traffic congestion?
2. The role of e-government in raising the country’s economy and tourism
3. Who can benefit from the provision of government services to them?
4. How can e-government contribute to limiting the spread of epidemics such as (Covid 19)

1.9 Scope of Study

The research focuses on the importance of e-government and its applications in various countries, and the transformation of traditional government services into electronic “electronic-governmental” using Information and communication technologies (ICTs).

Chapter two: reviewing the literature

2.1 Chapter Introduction:

This chapter discusses the literature related to research, its definitions, its history, the need for the system, the definition of some of its techniques, and an example of a country that succeeded in implementing the e-government application.

2.2 The concept of E-Government

There are several definitions of e-government, the most important of which are:

• E-government is a modern system adopted by governments using the World Wide Web and the Internet in linking their institutions to each other and linking their various services to public and private institutions and the public in general, and to put information at the reach of individuals in order to create a transparent relationship characterized by speed and accuracy aimed at improving the quality of performance.

So, it is a term that refers to the use of information and communication technologies in a way that facilitates communication, communication and dealing with the government and makes the interaction between government interests more effective. Governments use these technologies to provide services between government interests, citizens, businesses, employees, and other non-governmental agencies. A better entrance to government information, encouraging community involvement in government activities, placing government in a more accountable position, and opening up opportunities for further development.

• E-government is the use of technological communication devices, such as computers and the Internet, to provide public services to citizens and other persons in a country or region. E-government provides new opportunities for citizens to have more direct and convenient access to government, and for government to provide services directly to citizens.

2.3 The need to order

There are very many reasons and justifications for the need for e-government. Below we review some of the benefits and desired needs:

• Increasing efficiency by running smoothly

The use of information technology systems reduces the number of steps in the routine required to carry out work, and converts manual jobs to automatic, and it reduces the use of paper and the transfer of transactions between employees.

• Improving internal communications

The use of communication technology within the government makes the transmission of accurate information at the right time to the right person with ease. E-mail is a useful means of transmitting and distributing information and documents instead of printing and distributing them in the usual way.

• Providing better services to beneficiaries

Technology can improve the way citizens are served by providing self-service access to information through the Internet or automated phone systems even outside office hours. The e-government can also automate responses to requests for licenses or information, so as to save time and energy for employees to provide better services to those auditors who call directly or show themselves to do some exceptional work.

• Fulfilling citizens’ requirements and expectations

Modern societies tend to live in an electronic way, and many citizens and business owners are currently working in an electronic way, and it is only a matter of time until we see this applied to government departments. When neighboring governments provide their services electronically, citizens and business owners will notice, and they will look forward to seeing their own government do the same.

• Informing and promoting achievements

Providing information and electronic services can help attract new citizens and investors who are looking for suitable opportunities. E-government provides direct media along with newspapers, radio and television to promote the business of government.

• When converting government transactions and administration from traditional to electronic, it will solve many problems, including slow paperwork, delays in state departments, frequent loss of transaction files and papers and rapid damage to them.

2.4 Historical background

The term e-Gov appeared in the late 1990s, but the history of computing in government organizations can be traced back to the beginnings of computer history. The literature on “information technology in government” goes back at least to the 1970s [Kraemer, et al, 1978, Danziger and Andersen, 2002]. This literature relates to the use of information technology within government, while the recent literature of e-government often relates to external use, such as services provided to citizens [Ho, 2002].

The term e-government arose from the womb of the Internet boom in the mid-nineties and the beginning of its spread. However, it is not limited to the use of the Internet or publicly available systems for direct use by customers or citizens. E-Government began as a field of practice, bringing together practitioners who are struggling to meet the new challenges of the Internet medium by creatively implementing new systems. For example, in the United States, Vice President (then) Gore led the National Performance Review, which focused strongly on the role of e-government in federal services [Gore, 1993; Salem, 2003].

It is believed that the first appearance of this term was in the speech of US President Bill Clinton in 1992.

The spread of this concept expanded in the early 1990s, as it became the most common concept in public sector reform agendas for liberal democratic political systems since the era of US President Bill Clinton, and the concept of electronic service provision was used to modernize government by the United Kingdom Labor Party in 1997 AD. In addition, this concept has been initiated by many countries such as Canada, New Zealand and Australia [Andrew Chadwick, “E-government”, www.britannica.com, Retrieved 17-2-2018]

When the first goal of traditional government applications was to raise the internal efficiency of the institution, as for e-government, it focuses on serving the citizen, and governments of the world are racing to establish e-government, as many countries of the world have begun to adopt the concept of e-government, whether in developed or developing countries, through Displaying very important information on the Internet, as many government and commercial transactions are carried out via the Internet, and then this network has provided the government and its citizens with opportunities to communicate away from the usual routine procedures.

2.4.1 E-Government in Sudan

Within the framework of the efforts to implement the e-government in Sudan, great efforts have been made, the most important of which is the establishment of the National Information Center and then the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, and the adoption of three strategic plans in the field of information covering the period from 2001 to 2016, in addition to the plan directed to the e-government in 2009. The strategies included the most important initiatives represented in setting institutional, legislative, legal and regulatory frameworks, building capacities, developing infrastructure, promoting scientific research and enhancing electronic services. (The Plan for E-Government and the Transition to Smart, Sudan 2016-2020). Sudan occupies 170th place among 193 countries according to the United Nations e-government index for the year 2020 and its seventh regional ranking. The number of services available is 7, most notably “transportation, traffic, health.”

2.5 Example of an e-government system

E-government in the United States of America

Our choice of the United States as an example of e-government because the United States of America is the heart of the event and the first country to adopt the idea of e-government in the early nineties, and is considered one of the most developed countries in commercial or technical terms, and it is one of the main reasons that made it so successful in government and e-governance, according to the index E-Government for the year 2020 The US states occupies the 9th place in the world with an index of 0.8510 points, while Kant ranked second in 2014.

As mentioned above (2.4 historical background), the beginning of the use of technology in government departments was in the US states during the era of President Clinton, where he realized that the government must invest technology and exploit it to serve citizens and facilitate the provision of services more smoothly. The idea was under implementation and was applied until In 1998, the activities of e-government began significantly, and the United States of America had a comprehensive website for all the services needed by the citizen (usa.gov), where the services became centered around citizens “e-government at the level of individuals”. Then it evolved to serve the initiatives of citizens, businesses, federal and state government employees by providing high-quality services more efficiently and at a lower price. See Chapter I (1.7 Beneficiaries of the System). America’s vision in e-government is to make government available anytime, anywhere on any device today and tomorrow, this phrase alone shows the great interest of the US government in providing the comfort and well-being of its citizens.

The USDA alone currently participates in 14 Presidential e-Government and Lines of Business (LoB) initiatives. By participating in E-GOV and LoBs initiatives, the USDA has improved its business operations and delivery of programs to its customers, employees, and partners. Through these efforts, the USDA has been able to work with other federal agencies to streamline common areas of business delivery (such as rule-making, payroll, and grant administration) and learn from best practices across government. The department will continue to implement these initiatives and LoBs to bring more benefits to its customers.

2.5.1 US e-Government Services

We will now present some of the most important electronic services provided by the United States of America to its citizens.

Education services:

Among the most prominent addresses of services in the following field of education, college and higher education, student loan management and repayment, libraries and archives, learning English and attending college in the United States, student financial aid

Health services:

Among the most prominent e-government services of the United States in the field of health are the following:

Physicians and Medical Facilities Helps find tools for locating doctors, hospitals, care facilities and other medical facilities Health insurance Health information from the government Medicines Get answers to common questions about the purchase and use of drugs and medical products State health departments

Travel and immigration services, consumer issues services, money and taxes…. etc.

2.6 Technical Concepts

2.6.1 Software concepts

Markup Language:  A markup language is a formal way of annotating a document or collection of digital data using embedded encoding tags to indicate the structure of the document or data file, and the contents of its data elements.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): is the standard markup language for creating Web pages

CSS (cascading style sheets):  is used to format the look and format of a web page, setting design elements such as the basic layout, colors, and fonts.

JS (Java Script):is a high-level programming language used primarily in web browsers to create more interactive pages.

Php (Hypertext Preprocessor):is known as a general-purpose scripting language that can be used to develop dynamic and interactive websites.

2.6.1 Concepts in the Web

Web Application: is application software that runs on a web server, unlike computer-based software programs that are run locally on the operating system (OS) of the device. Web applications are accessed by the user through a web browser with an active network connection.

DBMS (Database Management System): The DBMS is managing incoming data, organizes it, and provides ways for the data to be modified or extracted by users or other programs. Example “MYSQL”

MYSQL:  is a relational database management system based on SQL.

Server: In computing, a server is a piece of computer hardware or software (computer program) that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called “clients”.

Client: is a program or system that interacts with another computer system called a server in order to obtain a service over a network.

client-server: is a software architecture model consisting of two parts, client systems and server systems, both communicating over a computer network or on the same computer.

HTTP Protocol (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): is an application-layer protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as HTML.

Chapter Three: System Analysis and Design

3.1 Introduction

This chapter talks about the methods and techniques used in analyzing, designing and developing the proposed system, discussing the results on the current system, and finding solutions to its problems.

The purpose of this chapter is:

1.  Collecting and analyzing system data.
2.  Tracking and studying the current system.
3.  Designing a more efficient and effective system.

3.2 System methodology

The methodology chosen for this project was the systems development life cycle to ensure accurate planning that leads to the best possible performance, and its stages are as follows:

Investigate and identify problems and opportunities, identify requirements

System life cycle:

1.  Analysis
2. Design
3.  Implementation
4.  System Test
5. Implementation and evaluation

3.3 Development Requirements

System requirements are divided into hardware and software requirements for system operation:

3.3.1 Hardware Requirements

    The system will be installed on an online server so that users can access it from anywhere at any time. The server or server used must have a large capacity for large data storage and for its performance to be robust

3.3.1 Program Requirements

    To get the best possible performance, the system must first work in all browsing environments with perfect efficiency to ensure that the service is accessible to all users with their different browsers and devices.

To test the system, we use a local server “XAMMP, WAMP”.

•        Databases >> MYSQL

•        DBMS >> PhpMyAdmin

•        Application >> Server Apache

•        Operating System >> Windows, Linux

For the front end, the system uses HTML5, JavaScript, CSS, and Bootstrap

While in the background, the system must be developed using PHP

The reason for choosing the web is because it is the most convenient way to deliver the service to all devices and browsers without allocating a script to each of them individually.

3.3.3 User Requirements

 After the user registers his data, he will be able to perform his services, modify and edit his data, download documents, etc.

3.3.4 Performance requirements

 A good internet must be available to the user for faster performance and for the system to respond more quickly. The system will support device screens of various sizes.

Online Security: In order to improve online security, it is highly recommended to use HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure). Unlike HTTP, HTTPS is trusted on the Internet, HTTP also has low security and a very dangerous vulnerability

3.3.5 Operation and maintenance requirements

  The system must be managed and maintained periodically and continuously by specialized programmers and engineers

3.3.6 Environmental requirements

The system will operate in different operating environments provided that the operating system has browser accessibility functionality. This is because the system user interface will be displayed on browsers initially.

3.4 Obstacles and Challenges

We review the main obstacles to the application of e-government in Sudan:

1.  The digital divide: Many African and Arab countries suffer from a severe weakness in the rates of Internet use and smart devices
2.  Economic boycott and technological sanctions against Sudan
3.  Weak physical and human infrastructure: Institutions in Sudan lack the appropriate infrastructure for communications and information technology.
4.  Lack of funding and lack of support from senior officials
5.  Government instability
6.  The gap between supply and demand in electronic services
7.  The high cost of technology
8.  Lack of confidence in the use of information and communication technology and technologies
9.  Technological ignorance and poor internet use
10.  Lack of qualifications employees: A large number of workers in the government sector lack the knowledge required to switch to e-government and may face this transfer in the form of resistance.

3.5 Data collection

Research design: The study aims to examine and analyze the old system and consider its effectiveness, usability, functionality, reliability…. etc.

This method includes data collection through questionnaires, observation, and interview

To test assumptions or to answer questions about the current status of the subject of the study.

3.5.1 Methods for collecting statistics

The tools used in collecting data for this study were direct analysis using Google Forms, government reports and statistics, United Nations reports on e-governments, and survey questionnaires.

3.5.2 Study respondents

   88 people responded to the study by filling out questionnaires and answering questions and expressing opinion on e-government and their desire to implement it. The percentage of female respondents was about 33%, and male respondents were 67%

3.6 Data Analysis

These analyzes and reports were collected by 88 people to measure the e-government awareness and the extent of services access to the public, the services that individuals want to provide, and to help spread the concept of e-government.

According to the statistics we collected, 29.5% of people are completely ignorant of the existence of e-government. While 61.4% of the people are unaware of the existence of an electronic government in Sudan, and this indicates that the government has not spread the electronic awareness of the government to its citizens, and that these services have not reached the vast majority of citizens.

According to what was mentioned above, the e-government awareness is relatively high, but the problem lies in the lack of access to services to the public, so they are ignorant even about their availability. The reason may also be the unavailability of the services requested by the public only by a comprehensive referendum. The most services requested by the public are as follows

• Issuance of a birth certificate 65.9%
• Issuance/renewal of passport 87.1%
• Issuance/renewal of a driver’s license 75.3%
• extract documents 68.2%
• Visa Services 68.2%
• Health Services 70.6%
• Academic Services/Education 61.2%
• Electronic trade 8.4%

After searching about the availability of the above services, we found that none of them were available on the official government websites

All of these services are not available online

When we were asked about “Have you ever used an e-government service before”, the respondents answered “no” by 70.5%, meaning that even a percentage of those who heard about e-government have never used its services, while the percentage of those who used it before is only 29.5%

After we defined e-government and its goals for those who do not know it, the percentages were as follows: 92.1% see the idea of e-government as a good idea and should be provided more broadly, while 8% of the people rejected it and they see that e-government is a bad idea.

When we were asked, “If the performance of government services is available remotely via the Internet,” would you use it or would you prefer the traditional method of going to government centers! And their answers were as follows: “97.7% prefer to use electronic services,” while the percentage was “2.3% prefer to go to the government center.”

We conclude from the previous statistics that the desire of individuals to switch to the digital government is very high.

After completing the questionnaire, we asked the participants about the pressures they might face while performing a traditional government service, and their answers were as follows:

– Overcrowding and difficulty of transportation

– financial effort

– physical and mental effort

– corruption of employees

– Crowded service area and long queues

– Far from government centers

– Bad service, severe delay in performing the service, 60.2% believe that to complete the service procedures alone, the matter may take more than one day, while to extract the procedure, the matter may take from a day to a week, a month, or more than a month.

– Delayed procedures

– The high cost of traditional services 55.5% see the cost as high, 9.1% see it as low and 35.2% they see is not bad.

– Continuous internet outages in government centers for a long time, so that it may reach outages throughout the day and postpone all services.

According to the United Nations E-Government Development Index, the percentage of e-services availability in Sudan is only 4.64%, which is a very small percentage, its development rate is 6.80%, and the percentage of providing it with data is very little at 3.50%, and the accessibility to e-government channels is only 3.42%, and this shows the reason why citizens do not use or do not know about e-government is that the service does not reach them. As for the percentage of its use, it is 2.65%, the satisfaction of individuals is 18.36, and its reach to the public is 10.10%. These percentages are very few, and this indicates that the e-government in Sudan still needs a lot of work to develop and spread awareness about those services and provide appropriate services to the public.

According to the questionnaire, it becomes clear to us that:

– Weak electronic governmental awareness of the availability of services in Sudan

– Unavailability of services needed or requested by citizens

– The government has made no effort to publicize and define its services

3.6.1 Statistics of phone and internet usage in Sudan

One of the prominent reasons for not using the Internet is due to the small number of its users in Sudan and not dealing with technology. Statistics of the Digital Sudan website for the year 2021, which reviewed the number of Internet users. The report indicated that the population of Sudan is 44.38 million, and the Internet is used by about 13.70 million people, or 13% only While the phone is used by 33.74 million people, or 76.0%, the active accounts on social media in 2020 amounted to 1.30 million people.

So, if the Sudanese government provides its services over the Internet to 13.70 million people, this will lead to easing congestion in service centers and road congestion, and services will be available to everyone with high efficiency and speed, and will lead to solving many problems that the government is unable to solve.

3.7 Verification and comparison

We will now compare the two systems: the traditional system and the electronic. The following table shows some of the differences between them:

E-Government Services	traditional government Services
Use of ICTs	Using slow traditional methods
Transactions are done remotely	Must visit government centers
Available 365 days a year, seven days a week, 24 hours a day	Unavailability of services often
Transaction speed, high efficiency	slow transactions
Human intervention is limited	Use of human and material capabilities
Most of the transactions are done automatically	Most of the transactions are done manually “need direct human intervention”
Reducing expenditures, increasing the degree of citizen satisfaction	high expenses

So, as shown in the comparison table, the e-government is more efficient and faster in performance and service access, and its implementation leads to solving many problems.

3.8 Discuss the results

becomes clear that the values of indicators for the availability and development of services are low, it becomes clear the importance of raising the level of electronic services while ensuring user satisfaction with the services provided.

If, according to the above analyzes and results, it is necessary first to spread electronic awareness among citizens and prepare the state to use electronic services, by spreading awareness in the media and explaining the importance and advantages of electronic government.

Developing and implementing the most requested services electronically and facilitating access to it.

Before applying the e-government, it is necessary to study the old system and solve its problems because information and communication technology is not a final or complete alternative to the traditional government because there are services in which direct human intervention is necessary. For the success of the application of e-government and its strategies, many organizational changes must be made within government institutions to fit more in with the new systems that require speed and flexibility in decision-making, such as changing structures and reducing administrative levels.

One of the most important things that the government must do is spread comprehensive awareness among employees of the importance of this electronic management, because workers’ resistance to changes is one of the biggest obstacles that will face the electronic government.

Ensuring the security and privacy of information the government must ensure that its data is not leaked or compromised by all possible means, providing services in a way that is easy to access and use.

3.9 System functions and divisions

3.10 System Design

The main objective of system design is to provide a design that describes the functions of the system and the interrelationship between the components of the system.

System design consists of data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams as well as database design

Chapter Four: Reports

Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations

5.4 Reference List

the reviewer:

1. Åke Grönlund, Thomas A Horan (2004), INTRODUCING e-GOV: HISTORY, DEFINITIONS, AND ISSUES
2. Whitehouse Office of E-Government & Information Technology: https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/management/egov/
3.   E-Government of the United States:  https://www.usda.gov/ocio/centers/irmc/e-government
4. Unified National Platform, Saudi Arabia (without publication date) smart government strategy: https://www.my.gov.sa/wps/portal/snp/aboutksa/smartstrategy
5. : مركز المعلومات الوطني، “الخطة الموجهة للحكومة الإلكترونية والتحول للذكية 2016-2020”.  

The National Information Center, the plan for e-government and the transition to smart 2016-2020: https://nic.gov.sd/pdf/planone.pdf

• Maryam Khalid Hussein (2009) Electronic Government:

مريم حسين (2009). الحكومة الالكترونية:

https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/1ad106e6c82950d7

• جامعة الملك فيصل (1427-2006) نحو المجمع المعرفي الإلكتروني

King Faisal University (1427-2006), Towards that the knowledge complex E-Gov

• Datareportal (2021). DIGITAL 2021: SUDAN: https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-sudan
• Government Electronic and Mobile Services (GEMS-2020) Maturity Index: https://www.unescwa.org/sites/default/files/pubs/pdf/government-electronic-mobile-services-maturity-index-gems-2020-english.pdf
• Elhadi. O Abdalla, Quanxi Li(2014) The E-Government in Sudan: Challenges, Barriers and Prospects: International Conference on Global Economy
• الأمم المتحدة (2020), مسح  الحكومة الالكترونية :الحكومة الرقمية في عقد العمل من أجل التنمية المستدامة: https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2020-Survey/EgovSurvey2020_Ar.pdf